Спеціальні команди ipython

У IPython є спеціальні команди, які полегшують роботу з інтерпретатором. Усі вони починаються зі знака відсотка.

%history

Наприклад, команда %history дозволяє переглянути історію введених користувачем команд у поточній сесії IPython:

In [1]: a = 10

In [2]: b = 5

In [3]: if a > b:
   ...:     print("A is bigger")
   ...:
A is bigger

In [4]: %history
a = 10
b = 5
if a > b:
    print("A is bigger")
%history

За допомогою %history можна скопіювати потрібний блок коду.

%time

Команда %time показує скільки секунд виконувався вираз:

import subprocess

def ping_ip(ip_address):
    reply = subprocess.run(['ping', '-c', '3', '-n', ip_address],
                           stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                           stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                           encoding='utf-8')
    if reply.returncode == 0:
        return True
    else:
        return False

In [7]: %time ping_ip('8.8.8.8')
CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 4 ms, total: 4 ms
Wall time: 2.03 s
Out[7]: True

In [8]: %time ping_ip('8.8.8')
CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 8 ms, total: 8 ms
Wall time: 12 s
Out[8]: False

In [9]: items = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1, 2, 3, 55, 77, 33]

In [10]: %time sorted(items)
CPU times: user 0 ns, sys: 0 ns, total: 0 ns
Wall time: 8.11 µs
Out[10]: [1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 9, 33, 55, 77]

Докладніше про IPython можна прочитати в документації IPython.

Коротко інформацію можна переглянути в самому IPython командою %quickref:

IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card
===========================================================

obj?, obj??      : Get help, or more help for object (also works as
                   ?obj, ??obj).
?foo.*abc*       : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them.
%magic           : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions.

Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments
without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience.  Line magics take a
single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%.

Example magic function calls:

%alias d ls -F   : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F'
alias d ls -F    : Works if 'alias' not a python name
alist = %alias   : Get list of aliases to 'alist'
cd /usr/share    : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs.
%cd??            : See help AND source for magic %cd
%timeit x=10     : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision.
%%timeit x=2**100
x**100           : time 'x**100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not
                   counted.  This is an example of a cell magic.

System commands:

!cp a.txt b/     : System command escape, calls os.system()
cp a.txt b/      : after %rehashx, most system commands work without !
cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands
files = !ls /usr : Capture sytem command output
files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc'

History:

_i, _ii, _iii    : Previous, next previous, next next previous input
_i4, _ih[2:5]    : Input history line 4, lines 2-4
exec _i81        : Execute input history line #81 again
%rep 81          : Edit input history line #81
_, __, ___       : previous, next previous, next next previous output
_dh              : Directory history
_oh              : Output history
%hist            : Command history of current session.
%hist -g foo     : Search command history of (almost) all sessions for 'foo'.
%hist -g         : Command history of (almost) all sessions.
%hist 1/2-8      : Command history containing lines 2-8 of session 1.
%hist 1/ ~2/     : Command history of session 1 and 2 sessions before current.